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Citation rules/Structure and signals/1.2 Introductory Signals

Remove “but” after a negative signal

Warning2Federal courts, Illinois courts21st and 22nd editions

A negative signal already marks the contrast, so “but” is dropped from “but see” and “but cf.” once another negative signal already precedes it.1

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  1. 1R. 1.2(c) Signals that indicate contradiction.
  2. 2A warning: the form is usually wrong under the rule in note 1, and context can justify it.
PreviousAdd the comma before “with”NextRemove the comma after the signal

More in 1.2 Introductory Signals

  1. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  2. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  3. Add the “with” half of the comparison
  4. Add the “with” half of the contrast
  5. Add the comma after “e.g.”
  6. Add the comma before “e.g.”
  7. Add the comma before “with”
  8. Remove “but” after a negative signal
  9. Remove the comma after the signal

Back to Structure and signals

More in 1.2 Introductory Signals

  1. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  2. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  3. Add the “with” half of the comparison
  4. Add the “with” half of the contrast
  5. Add the comma after “e.g.”
  6. Add the comma before “e.g.”
  7. Add the comma before “with”
  8. Remove “but” after a negative signal
  9. Remove the comma after the signal

Back to Structure and signals

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