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Citation rules/Structure and signals/1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signal

Move the more authoritative source first

Style note2Federal courts, Illinois courts21st and 22nd editions

Authorities under one signal follow a rough hierarchy — a constitution outranks a statute, and a statute outranks a case construing it, though the most helpful authority may still lead.1

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  1. 1R. 1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signal; B1.2 Introductory Signals.
  2. 2A style note: the rule in note 1 allows both forms and prefers one.
PreviousUse a period before a negative signalNextReplace the comma with a semicolon

More in Structure and signals

  1. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  2. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  3. Add the “with” half of the comparison
  4. Add the “with” half of the contrast
  5. Add the comma that closes the clause
  6. Capitalize “Id.” only at a sentence head
  7. Move the footnote call number
  8. Move the more authoritative source first
  9. Replace the comma with a semicolon

Back to Structure and signals

More in Structure and signals

  1. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  2. Add an explanatory parenthetical
  3. Add the “with” half of the comparison
  4. Add the “with” half of the contrast
  5. Add the comma that closes the clause
  6. Capitalize “Id.” only at a sentence head
  7. Move the footnote call number
  8. Move the more authoritative source first
  9. Replace the comma with a semicolon

Back to Structure and signals

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