Skip to content
counselcitecounselcite
    • StudentsFree for students. We've all been there.
    • Law firmsCheck a document before it is filed.
    • GovernmentFor courts, agencies and public defenders.
  • Case checker
  • Format checker
  • Pricing
  • About
  • Blog
Sign inCheck a document
  • Students
  • Law firms
  • Government
  • Case checker
  • Format checker
  • Pricing
  • About
  • Blog
  • Sign in
  • Check a document
counselcitecounselcite

Citation review for court filings and law-review articles, checked against the Bluebook and the public court record.

Product

  • Check a document
  • Case citation checker
  • Pricing
  • How it works
  • Case record
  • Rule library

Who it's for

  • Students
  • Law firms
  • Courts and agencies

Company

  • About
  • Blog
  • Contact

Legal

  • Terms of service
  • Privacy policy
  • Security

© 2026 Counselcite. Not affiliated with the Bluebook or its publishers.

Bluebook is a registered trademark of the Columbia Law Review Association, the Harvard Law Review Association, the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, and The Yale Law Journal.

Citation rules/Capitalisation/8 Capitalization

Lowercase “federal”

Warning2Federal courts, Illinois courts21st and 22nd editions

“federal” stays lowercase in front of an ordinary lowercase noun, as in “statutes that require federal spending”; only a capitalized word behind it brings the capital.1

Check a document
  1. 1R. 8(d)(ii) Exceptions; R. 8(c)(ii) Exceptions.
  2. 2A warning: the form is usually wrong under the rule in note 1, and context can justify it.
PreviousCapitalize the title's lowercase wordNextLowercase short words in an article title

More in 8 Capitalization

  1. Capitalize “Act” in the statute’s name
  2. Capitalize “Circuit”
  3. Capitalize "Congress"
  4. Capitalize “Federal”
  5. Capitalize the agency's initialism
  6. Capitalize the amendment’s name
  7. Capitalize the bare “constitution”
  8. Capitalize the constitution’s name
  9. Lowercase “federal”

Back to Capitalisation

More in 8 Capitalization

  1. Capitalize “Act” in the statute’s name
  2. Capitalize “Circuit”
  3. Capitalize "Congress"
  4. Capitalize “Federal”
  5. Capitalize the agency's initialism
  6. Capitalize the amendment’s name
  7. Capitalize the bare “constitution”
  8. Capitalize the constitution’s name
  9. Lowercase “federal”

Back to Capitalisation

Sign inCheck a document
  • Sign in
  • Check a document